1. The Basic Alphabet

The Tamil language has 12 vowels and 18 consonants.
Vowels: , , , , , , , , , , ,
Consonants: க், ங், ச், ஞ், ட், ண், த், ந், ப், ம், ய், ர், ல், வ், ழ், ள், ற், ன்

Of the 12 vowels, 5 are short and 7 are long.
Short Vowels: , , , ,
Long Vowels: , , ,, , ,

Grantha Letters

Grantha letters are those used to to write words borrowed from different languages (like Sanskrit). They do not occur very frequently, but you should be able to recognize at least 6 of them:

Grantha LetterTransliterationSoundTraditional Substitute
ஜ்j[j] as inச்
ஷ்ṣ / ś / sh[ȿ] or [ɕ]ச்
ஸ்s[s]ச்
ஹ்h[h]க்
க்ஷ்kṣ / kś /ksh[kȿ] or [kɕ]ட்ச்
ஸ்ரீsri / shri[shri] or [sri]சிறீ

Aytham Letter

The special guttural letter (pronounced ‘akh’) is rarely used by itself. It is called ஆய்தம் and inserted by Tamil grammarians between the vowels and consonants as not properly belonging to either. You won’t come across this letter in this course, but its useful to know that it exists!

Forming Compound letters

When consonants are added to vowels, they form new sounds or letters. All in all there are 12 (vowels) x 18 (consonants) or 216 distinct letters.

க்காகிகீகுகூகெகேகைகொகோகௌ
ங்ஙாஙிஙீஙுஙூஙெஙேஙைஙொஙோஙௌ
ச்சாசிசீசுசூசெசேசைசொசோசௌ
ஞ்ஞாஞிஞீஞுஞூஞெஞேஞைஞொஞோஞௌ
ட்டாடிடீடுடூடெடேடைடொடோடௌ
ண்ணாணிணீணுணூணெணேணைணொணோணௌ
த்தாதிதீதுதூதெதேதைதொதோதௌ
ந்நாநிநீநுநூநெநேநைநொநோநௌ
ப்பாபிபீபுபூபெபேபைபொபோபௌ
ம்மாமிமீமுமூமெமேமைமொமோமௌ
ய்யாயியீயுயூயெயேயையொயோயௌ
ர்ராரிரீருரூரெரேரைரொரோரௌ
ல்லாலிலீலுலூலெலேலைலொலோலௌ
வ்வாவிவீவுவூவெவேவைவொவோவௌ
ழ்ழாழிழீழுழூழெழேழைழொழோழௌ
ள்ளாளிளீளுளூளெளேளைளொளோளௌ
ற்றாறிறீறுறூறெறேறைறொறோறௌ
ன்னானினீனுனூனெனேனைனொனோனௌ